Difficult to say. Personally I like to see them ranging well. First toss from 12 miles. However I am in open country. When they are flying good I let the old birds out and the young together. They tend to keep each other up longer. but again, many ways to do. Depends on location I guess. Some start from the bottom of the garden then go up a few miles at a time. For me, they are covering much area when ranging so 12 miles seems to work well. Twice there and if and only if they are coming good will double the distance. Twice there then 40 miles. Distance to the club. There a few times then first race 115 miles. May not work for everyone but works for me in this location. Used to train to 100 miles but found it did not make a difference. After the first race old birds do not get trained. Open loft. Young birds midweek to 30 miles if at all. but again, open loft.